MA.09.30.2013 - 10-Q
Table of Contents

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q
 
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2013
Or
 
¨
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission file number: 001-32877
MasterCard Incorporated
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Delaware
13-4172551
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(IRS Employer
Identification Number)
 
 
2000 Purchase Street
10577
Purchase, NY
(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)
 

(914) 249-2000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
        
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x     No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):
 
Large accelerated filer
 
x
  
Accelerated filer
 
o  
 
 
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer
 
o  (do not check if a smaller reporting company)
  
Smaller reporting company
 
o
    
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes  ¨    No  x
As of October 24, 2013, there were 115,800,964 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; and 4,576,623 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

 



MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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Table of Contents

In this Report, references to the “Company,” “MasterCard,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to the business conducted by MasterCard Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries, including our operating subsidiary, MasterCard International Incorporated (d/b/a MasterCard Worldwide).
Forward-Looking Statements
This Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts may be forward-looking statements. When used in this Report, the words “believe”, “expect”, “could”, “may”, “would”, “will”, “trend” and similar words are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements relate to the Company’s future prospects, developments and business strategies and include, without limitation, statements relating to:
the Company’s focus on growing its credit, debit, prepaid, commercial and payment transaction processing offerings;
the Company’s focus on diversifying its business (including seeking new areas of growth, expanding acceptance points and maintaining unsurpassed acceptance and successfully working with new business partners);
the Company’s focus on building new businesses through technology and strategic efforts and alliances focused on innovative payment methods;
the stability of economies around the globe;
the Company’s advertising and marketing strategy and investment;
the Company's belief that its existing cash, cash equivalents and investment securities balances, its cash flow generating capabilities, its borrowing capacity and its access to capital resources are sufficient to satisfy its future operating cash needs, capital asset purchases, outstanding commitments and other liquidity requirements associated with its existing operations and potential obligations; and
the manner and amount of purchases by the Company pursuant to its share repurchase program, dependent upon price and market conditions.
Many factors and uncertainties relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control, influence whether any forward-looking statements can or will be achieved. Any one of those factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in writing in any forward-looking statements made by MasterCard or on its behalf. We believe there are certain risk factors that are important to our business, and these could cause actual results to differ from our expectations. Such risk factors include: legislation, regulatory proceedings, central bank regulation and litigation related to interchange fees and other practices; regulations established by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in the United States; requirement to permit U.S. merchants to surcharge credit cards (subject to final approval of the U.S. merchant class litigation); regulation or other legislative or regulatory activity with respect to the payments industry in one jurisdiction or of one product resulting in regulation (or impact on pending regulatory proceedings) in other jurisdictions or of other products; competitive issues caused by preferential or protective government actions; regulation of the payments industry, consumer privacy, data use and/or security; potential or incurred liability and limitations on business resulting from litigation; potential changes in tax laws; substantial and increasingly intense competition in the payments industry; potential future changes in the competitive landscape; competitive pressure on pricing; banking industry consolidation; loss of significant business from significant customers; merchant activity; the relationship of our competitors with our customers; our relationship with our customers; brand perceptions and reputation; global economic events and the overall business environment; decline in cross-border travel; the effect of general economic and global political conditions on consumer spending trends; exposure to loss or illiquidity due to guarantees of settlement and certain other third-party obligations; impact of a failure or breach of our security systems or infrastructure as a result of cyber attacks; disruptions to our transaction processing systems and other services; account data breaches; reputation damage from increases in fraudulent activity; the challenges resulting from rapid technological developments in the payments industry; the effect of adverse currency fluctuation; acquisition, entry into new businesses and other integration issues; and issues relating to our Class A common stock and corporate governance structure. Please see a complete discussion of these risk factors in Item 1A (Risk Factors) in Part I of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012; in Part II, Item 1A, (Risk Factors) of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013; and in Part II, Item 1A, (Risk Factors) of this Report. We caution you that the important factors referenced above may not contain all of the factors that are important to you. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Report or as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update our forward-looking statements.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.     Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)


MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(UNAUDITED)

 
 
September 30, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
(in millions, except share data)
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
3,413

 
$
2,052

Restricted cash for litigation settlement
727

 
726

Investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value
2,594

 
2,951

Accounts receivable
990

 
925

Settlement due from customers
1,333

 
1,117

Restricted security deposits held for customers
878

 
777

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
502

 
681

Deferred income taxes
122

 
128

Total Current Assets
10,559

 
9,357

Property, plant and equipment, net
474

 
472

Deferred income taxes
89

 
60

Goodwill
1,101

 
1,092

Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $716 and $596, respectively
655

 
672

Other assets
852

 
809

Total Assets
$
13,730

 
$
12,462

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
Accounts payable
$
280

 
$
357

Settlement due to customers
1,218

 
1,064

Restricted security deposits held for customers
878

 
777

Accrued litigation
727

 
726

Accrued expenses
2,004

 
1,748

Other current liabilities
313

 
234

Total Current Liabilities
5,420

 
4,906

Deferred income taxes
93

 
104

Other liabilities
549

 
523

Total Liabilities
6,062

 
5,533

Commitments and Contingencies

 

Stockholders’ Equity
 
 

Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; authorized 3,000,000,000 shares, 134,083,998 and 133,604,903 shares issued and 115,796,250 and 118,405,075 outstanding, respectively

 

Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; authorized 1,200,000,000 shares, 4,577,623 and 4,838,840 issued and outstanding, respectively

 

Additional paid-in-capital
3,733

 
3,641

Class A treasury stock, at cost, 18,287,748 and 15,199,828 shares, respectively
(5,826
)
 
(4,139
)
Retained earnings
9,630

 
7,354

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
120

 
61

Total Stockholders’ Equity
7,657

 
6,917

Non-controlling interests
11

 
12

Total Equity
7,668

 
6,929

Total Liabilities and Equity
$
13,730

 
$
12,462


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED)


 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2013

2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in millions, except per share data)
Net Revenue
$
2,218

 
$
1,918

 
$
6,220

 
$
5,496

Operating Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
General and administrative
701

 
620

 
1,930

 
1,790

Advertising and marketing
205

 
176

 
520

 
480

Depreciation and amortization
64

 
58

 
187

 
168

Provision for litigation settlement

 

 

 
20

Total operating expenses
970

 
854

 
2,637

 
2,458

Operating income
1,248

 
1,064

 
3,583

 
3,038

Other Income (Expense)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment income
11

 
9

 
30

 
27

Interest expense
3

 
(4
)
 
(7
)
 
(13
)
Other income (expense)
(8
)
 
(3
)
 
(17
)
 
(13
)
Total other income (expense)
6

 
2

 
6

 
1

Income before income taxes
1,254

 
1,066

 
3,589

 
3,039

Income tax expense
375

 
294

 
1,096

 
885

Net Income
$
879

 
$
772

 
$
2,493

 
$
2,154

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Earnings per Share
$
7.30

 
$
6.19

 
$
20.52

 
$
17.13

Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
121

 
125

 
121

 
126

Diluted Earnings per Share
$
7.27

 
$
6.17

 
$
20.46

 
$
17.07

Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
121

 
125

 
122

 
126


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(UNAUDITED)

 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in millions)
Net Income
$
879

 
$
772

 
$
2,493

 
$
2,154

Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustments
137

 
78

 
65

 
28

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans
(2
)
 

 
(1
)
 
2

Income tax effect
1

 

 
1

 
(1
)
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans, net of income tax effect
(1
)
 

 

 
1

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities available-for-sale
(1
)
 
4

 
(9
)
 
10

Income tax effect
1

 
(1
)
 
3

 
(3
)
Investment securities available-for-sale, net of income tax effect

 
3

 
(6
)
 
7

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
136

 
81

 
59

 
36

Comprehensive Income
$
1,015

 
$
853

 
$
2,552

 
$
2,190



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)

 
Total
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss), Net of Tax
 
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Class A
Treasury
Stock
 
Non-
Controlling
Interests
 
 
 
Class A
 
Class B
 
 
(in millions, except per share data)
Balance at December 31, 2012
$
6,929

 
$
7,354

 
$
61

 
$

 
$

 
$
3,641

 
$
(4,139
)
 
$
12

Net income
2,493

 
2,493

 

 

 

 

 

 

Activity related to non-controlling interests
(1
)
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
(1
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
59

 

 
59

 

 

 

 

 

Cash dividends declared on Class A and Class B common stock, $1.80 per share
(217
)
 
(217
)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Purchases of treasury stock
(1,692
)
 

 

 

 

 

 
(1,692
)
 

Share-based payments
97

 

 

 

 

 
92

 
5

 

Balance at September 30, 2013
$
7,668

 
$
9,630

 
$
120

 
$

 
$

 
$
3,733

 
$
(5,826
)
 
$
11

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


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Table of Contents


MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)

 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in millions)
Operating Activities
 
 
 
Net income
$
2,493

 
$
2,154

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
187

 
168

Share-based payments
27

 
(21
)
Deferred income taxes
(34
)
 
(40
)
Other
48

 
34

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts receivable
(67
)
 
(112
)
Income taxes receivable
158

 
(53
)
Settlement due from customers
(192
)
 
(213
)
Prepaid expenses
(44
)
 
(122
)
Obligations under litigation settlements

 
20

Accounts payable
(76
)
 
(36
)
Settlement due to customers
126

 
140

Accrued expenses
209

 
129

Net change in other assets and liabilities
101

 
34

Net cash provided by operating activities
2,936

 
2,082

Investing Activities
 
 
 
Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale
(1,936
)
 
(2,123
)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired

 
(70
)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment
(65
)
 
(68
)
Capitalized software
(88
)
 
(96
)
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available-for-sale
1,349

 
195

Proceeds from maturities of investment securities available-for-sale
959

 
576

Proceeds from maturities of investment securities held-to-maturity
36

 

Investment in nonmarketable equity investments
(12
)
 
(25
)
Other investing activities
(8
)
 
(1
)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
235

 
(1,612
)
Financing Activities
 
 
 
Purchases of treasury stock
(1,692
)
 
(1,135
)
Dividends paid
(182
)
 
(94
)
Tax benefit for share-based compensation
23

 
46

Cash proceeds from exercise of stock options
22

 
28

Other financing activities
(8
)
 
4

Net cash used in financing activities
(1,837
)
 
(1,151
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
27

 
(8
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
1,361

 
(689
)
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period
2,052

 
3,734

Cash and cash equivalents - end of period
$
3,413

 
$
3,045


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
MasterCard Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries, including MasterCard International Incorporated (“MasterCard International” and together with MasterCard Incorporated, “MasterCard” or the “Company”), is a technology company in the global payments industry that connects consumers, financial institutions, merchants, governments and businesses worldwide, enabling them to use electronic forms of payment instead of cash and checks. MasterCard offers a wide range of payment solutions, that enable the development and implementation of credit, debit, prepaid, commercial and related payment programs and solutions for consumers and merchants. The Company's customers encompass a vast array of entities, including financial institutions and others that act as "issuers" and "acquirers", as well as merchants, governments, telecommunications companies and other businesses. MasterCard manages a family of well-known, widely-accepted payment brands, including MasterCard®, Maestro® and Cirrus®, which its customers use in their payment programs and solutions. The Company processes payment transactions over the MasterCard Worldwide Network and provides support services to its customers and others.  
Consolidation and basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MasterCard and its majority-owned and controlled entities, including any variable interest entities for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2013 presentation. The Company follows accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
The balance sheet as of December 31, 2012 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2012. The consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 and as of September 30, 2013 are unaudited, and in the opinion of management, include all normal recurring adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the results for interim periods. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission requirements for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and, consequently, do not include all of the disclosures required by GAAP. Reference should be made to the MasterCard Incorporated Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 for additional disclosures, including a summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies.
Non-controlling interest amounts are included in the consolidated statement of operations within other income (expense). For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 income from non-controlling interests was insignificant.
In December 2012, the Company made a $726 million payment into a qualified cash settlement fund related to its U.S. merchant class litigation. The Company has presented these funds as restricted cash for litigation settlement since the use of the funds under the qualified cash settlement fund is restricted for payment under a preliminary settlement agreement that is subject to court approval. The funds would be returned to the Company in the event that the settlement is not finalized. If the settlement is finalized, MasterCard anticipates that it would receive back approximately $165 million from the qualified cash settlement fund related to the opt out merchants. As part of the settlement, in July 2013 MasterCard implemented the short-term reduction in default credit interchange rates (the "Class Interchange Reduction"). Amounts collected, but not yet distributed, have been presented together with the qualified cash settlement funds as restricted cash for litigation settlement. The Class Interchange Reduction has no impact on the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 11 (Legal and Regulatory Proceedings) for further discussion of the U.S. merchant class litigation.
Recent accounting pronouncements
Comprehensive income - In February 2013, new accounting guidance was issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") that requires disclosure of amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income. The Company adopted the revised accounting guidance effective January 1, 2013. See Note 8 (Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income) for additional disclosures related to the new guidance.

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Table of Contents
MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


Balance sheet offsetting - In January 2013, the FASB issued accounting guidance clarifying the scope of its previously issued requirements to disclose gross and net amounts of eligible financial assets and financial liabilities recognized on the balance sheet. The Company adopted the revised accounting guidance effective January 1, 2013. See Note 13 (Foreign Exchange Risk Management) for additional disclosures related to the new guidance.
Income taxes - In July 2013, the FASB issued accounting guidance that requires entities to present an unrecognized tax benefit net with certain deferred tax assets when specific requirements are met. The Company will adopt the revised accounting guidance effective January 1, 2014. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this guidance will have on its consolidated balance sheet.
Note 2. Earnings Per Share
The components of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) for common shares were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in millions, except per share data)
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
879

 
$
772

 
$
2,493

 
$
2,154

Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic EPS weighted-average shares outstanding
121

 
125

 
121

 
126

Dilutive stock options and stock units

 

 

 

Diluted EPS weighted-average shares outstanding *
121

 
125

 
122

 
126

Earnings per Share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
7.30

 
$
6.19

 
$
20.52

 
$
17.13

Diluted
$
7.27

 
$
6.17

 
$
20.46

 
$
17.07


Note that table may not sum due to rounding.
* For the periods presented, the calculation of diluted EPS excluded a minimal amount of anti-dilutive share-based payment awards.
Note 3. Fair Value and Investment Securities
Financial Instruments – Recurring Measurements
In accordance with accounting requirements for financial instruments, the Company is disclosing the estimated fair values as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 of the financial instruments that are within the scope of the accounting guidance, as well as the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of those financial instruments. Furthermore, the Company classifies its fair value measurements in the Valuation Hierarchy. No transfers were made among the three levels in the Valuation Hierarchy during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013.

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


The distribution of the Company’s financial instruments which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis within the Valuation Hierarchy was as follows:
 
September 30, 2013
 
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Fair
Value
 
(in millions)
Municipal securities 1
$

 
$
262

 
$

 
$
262

U.S. Government and Agency securities 2

 
595

 

 
595

Taxable short-term bond funds

 

 

 

Corporate securities

 
1,320

 

 
1,320

Asset-backed securities

 
342

 

 
342

Auction rate securities

 

 
16

 
16

Other

 
106

 

 
106

Total
$

 
$
2,625

 
$
16

 
$
2,641

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Fair
Value
 
(in millions)
Municipal securities 1
$

 
$
531

 
$

 
$
531

U.S. Government and Agency securities 2

 
582

 

 
582

Taxable short-term bond funds
210

 

 

 
210

Corporate securities

 
1,246

 

 
1,246

Asset-backed securities

 
316

 

 
316

Auction rate securities

 

 
32

 
32

Other

 
63

 

 
63

Total
$
210

 
$
2,738

 
$
32

 
$
2,980

1 Available-for-sale municipal securities are carried at fair value and are included in the above tables. However, a held-to-maturity municipal bond was carried at amortized cost and excluded from the above table at December 31, 2012.
2 Excludes amounts related to the preliminary U.S. merchant class litigation settlement of $727 million and $726 million at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, which would be included in Levels 1 and 2 of the Valuation Hierarchy. See Note 6 (Accrued Expenses) and Note 11 (Legal and Regulatory Proceedings) for further details.
The fair value of the Company's taxable short-term bond funds are based on quoted prices for identical investments in active markets and are therefore included in Level 1 of the Valuation Hierarchy.
The fair value of the Company's available-for-sale municipal securities, U.S. Government and Agency securities, corporate securities, asset-backed securities and other fixed income securities included in the Other category are based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and are therefore included in Level 2 of the Valuation Hierarchy. The Company's foreign currency derivative contracts have also been classified within Level 2 in the Other category of the Valuation Hierarchy, as the fair value is based on broker quotes for the same or similar derivative instruments. See Note 13 (Foreign Exchange Risk Management) for further details.
The Company's auction rate securities (“ARS”) investments have been classified within Level 3 of the Valuation Hierarchy as their valuation requires substantial judgment and estimation of factors that are not currently observable in the market due to the lack of trading in the securities. When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within Level 3, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable parameters to the overall fair value measurement. However, the fair value determination for Level 3 financial instruments may include observable components. This valuation may be revised in future periods as market conditions evolve. The Company has considered the lack of liquidity in the ARS market and the lack of comparable, orderly transactions when estimating the fair value of its ARS portfolio. Therefore, the Company used the income approach, which included a discounted cash flow analysis of the estimated future cash flows adjusted by a risk premium for the

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


ARS portfolio, to estimate the fair value of its ARS portfolio. The Company estimated the fair value of its ARS portfolio to be a 10% discount to the par value as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012. The Company did not realize any material losses on its ARS portfolio during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012.
Financial Instruments - Non-Recurring Measurements
Certain financial instruments are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at cost, which approximates fair value due to their short-term, highly liquid nature. These instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, settlement due from customers, restricted security deposits held for customers, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, settlement due to customers and accrued expenses. In addition, nonmarketable equity investments are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for purposes of initial recognition and impairment testing.
Settlement and Other Guarantee Liabilities
The Company estimates the fair value of its settlement and other guarantees using the market pricing approach which applies market assumptions for relevant though not directly comparable undertakings, as the latter are not observable in the market given the proprietary nature of such guarantees. At September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the carrying value and fair value of settlement and other guarantee liabilities were not material. Settlement and other guarantee liabilities are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as their valuation requires substantial judgment and estimation of factors that are not currently observable in the market. For additional information regarding the Company's settlement and other guarantee liabilities, see Note 12 (Settlement and Other Risk Management).
Refunding Revenue Bonds
The Company holds refunding revenue bonds with the same payment terms, and which contain the right of set-off with a capital lease obligation related to the Company's global technology and operations center located in O'Fallon, Missouri. The Company has netted the refunding revenue bonds and the corresponding capital lease obligation in the consolidated balance sheet and estimates that the carrying value approximates the fair value for these bonds.
Non-Financial Instruments
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for purposes of initial recognition and impairment testing. The Company's non-financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis; however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment.
The valuation methods for goodwill and other intangible assets involve assumptions concerning comparable company multiples, discount rates, growth projections and other assumptions of future business conditions. The Company uses a weighted income and market approach for estimating the fair value of its reporting unit, when necessary. As the assumptions employed to measure these assets on a nonrecurring basis are based on management's judgment using internal and external data, these fair value determinations are classified in Level 3 of the Valuation Hierarchy.

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Amortized Costs and Fair Values – Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
The major classes of the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities, for which unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income on the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, and their respective amortized cost basis and fair values as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 were as follows:
 
 
September 30, 2013
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gain
 
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
 
Fair
Value
 
(in millions)
Municipal securities
$
262

 
$

 
$

 
$
262

U.S. Government and Agency securities
595

 

 

 
595

Taxable short-term bond funds

 

 

 

Corporate securities
1,320

 

 

 
1,320

Asset-backed securities
342

 

 

 
342

Auction rate securities 1
18

 

 
(2
)
 
16

Other
75

 

 

 
75

Total
$
2,612

 
$

 
$
(2
)
 
$
2,610

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gain
 
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
 
Fair
Value
 
(in millions)
Municipal securities
$
522

 
$
9

 
$

 
$
531

U.S. Government and Agency securities
582

 

 

 
582

Taxable short-term bond funds
209

 
1

 

 
210

Corporate securities
1,245

 
2

 
(1
)
 
1,246

Asset-backed securities
316

 

 

 
316

Auction rate securities 1
35

 

 
(3
)
 
32

Other
66

 

 

 
66

Total
$
2,975

 
$
12

 
$
(4
)
 
$
2,983


1 The unrealized losses related to ARS have been in an unrealized loss position longer than 12 months, but have not been deemed other-than-temporarily impaired. The ARS are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 4 (Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets).
The municipal securities are primarily comprised of tax-exempt bonds and are diversified across states and sectors. The U.S. government and agency securities are primarily invested in U.S. government treasury bills and bonds and U.S. government sponsored agency bonds and discount notes. Taxable short-term bond funds were primarily invested in U.S. government and sponsored agency securities, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed securities. Corporate securities are comprised of commercial paper and corporate bonds. The asset-backed securities are investments in bonds which are collateralized primarily by automobile loan receivables. The ARS are exempt from U.S. federal income tax and are fully collateralized by student loans with guarantees (ranging from approximately 95% to 98% of principal and interest) by the U.S. government via the Department of Education.

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Investment Maturities
The maturity distribution based on the contractual terms of the Company’s investment securities at September 30, 2013 was as follows:
 
Available-For-Sale
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair Value
 
(in millions)
Due within 1 year
$
1,522

 
$
1,522

Due after 1 year through 5 years
1,065

 
1,065

Due after 5 years through 10 years
7

 
7

Due after 10 years
18

 
16

Total
$
2,612

 
$
2,610

All the securities due after ten years are ARS.
Investment Income
Investment income was $11 million and $9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Investment income was $30 million and $27 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Investment income primarily consisted of interest income generated from cash, cash equivalents, investment securities available-for-sale and investment securities held-to-maturity. Dividend income and gross realized gains and losses were not significant.
Note 4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:
 
September 30,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(in millions)
Customer and merchant incentives
$
239

 
$
222

Investment securities held-to-maturity

 
36

Prepaid income taxes
78

 
77

Income taxes receivable
3

 
163

Other
182

 
183

Total prepaid expenses and other current assets
$
502

 
$
681

Other assets consisted of the following:
 
September 30,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(in millions)
Customer and merchant incentives
$
470

 
$
404

Nonmarketable equity investments
233

 
249

Auction rate securities available-for-sale, at fair value
16

 
32

Income taxes receivable
75

 
72

Other
58

 
52

Total other assets
$
852

 
$
809

Certain customer and merchant business agreements provide incentives upon entering into the agreement. Customer and merchant incentives represent payments made or amounts to be paid to customers and merchants under business agreements. Amounts to be paid for these incentives and the related liability were included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Once the payment is made, the liability is relieved. Costs directly related to entering into such an agreement are deferred and amortized over the life of the agreement.
Investments for which the equity method or historical cost method of accounting is used are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. MasterCard’s share of net earnings or losses of entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting is included in other income (expense) on the consolidated statement of operations. The Company accounts for nonmarketable equity investments under the historical cost method of accounting when those investments do not qualify for the

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equity method of accounting. The decrease in investment securities held-to-maturity from December 31, 2012 to September 30, 2013 was due to contractual maturities.
Note 5. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:
 
September 30,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(in millions)
Property, plant and equipment
$
919

 
$
858

Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
(445
)
 
(386
)
Property, plant and equipment, net
$
474

 
$
472

Note 6. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consisted of the following:
 
September 30,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(in millions)
Customer and merchant incentives
$
1,243

 
$
1,058

Personnel costs
356

 
354

Advertising
111

 
122

Income and other taxes
164

 
94

Other
130

 
120

Total accrued expenses
$
2,004

 
$
1,748

As of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company's provision related to the U.S. merchant class litigation was $727 million and $726 million, respectively. These amounts are not included in the accrued expenses table above and are separately reported as accrued litigation on the consolidated balance sheet. The increase in accrued litigation for the U.S. merchant class litigation is due to amounts collected under the Class Interchange Reduction, net of expenses paid by the fund related to administrative settlement activities. See Note 11 (Legal and Regulatory Proceedings) for further discussion of the U.S. merchant class litigation.
Note 7. Stockholders’ Equity
In June 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of its Class A common stock (the "June 2012 Share Repurchase Program"). This program became effective in June 2012 at the completion of the Company’s previously announced $2 billion Class A share repurchase program (this $2 billion repurchase program consisted of $1 billion authorized in September 2010 and $1 billion authorized in April 2011).
On February 5, 2013, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $2 billion of its Class A common stock (the "February 2013 Share Repurchase Program").  The new share repurchase program became effective at the completion of the June 2012 Share Repurchase Program, which occurred in March 2013. 

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The following table summarizes the Company's share repurchase authorizations of its Class A common stock through September 30, 2013, as well as historical purchases:
 
Authorization Dates
 
February 2013
 
June 2012
 
April 20111
 
Total
 
(in millions, except average price data)
Board authorization
$
2,000

 
$
1,500

 
$
2,000

 
$
5,500

Dollar value of shares repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2012
**

 
283

 
852

 
$
1,135

Remaining authorization at December 31, 2012
**

 
$
604

 
$

 
$
604

Dollar value of shares repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2013
1,088

 
604

 
$

 
$
1,692

Remaining authorization at September 30, 2013
$
912

 
$

 
$

 
$
912

Shares repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2012
**

 
0.67

 
2.11

 
2.78

Average price paid per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2012
**

 
$
426.96

 
$
403.53

 
$
409.12

Shares repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2013
1.94

 
1.17

 

 
3.11

Average price paid per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2013
$
561.89

 
$
517.16

 
$

 
$
545.05

Cumulative shares repurchased through September 30, 2013
1.94

 
3.11

 
6.54

 
11.59

Cumulative average price paid per share
$
561.89

 
$
481.58

 
$
305.60

 
$
395.66

** Not applicable
1 The initial authorization in September 2010 for $1 billion was amended in April 2011 to increase the authorization to $2 billion.
As of October 24, 2013, the cumulative repurchases by the Company under the February 2013 Share Repurchase Program totaled approximately 1.9 million shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate cost of approximately $1.1 billion at an average price of $561.89 per share of Class A common stock.
Note 8. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 were as follows:
 
 
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
 
Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans
 
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
 
(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2012
 
$
93

 
$
(37
)
 
$
5

 
$
61

Current period other comprehensive income (loss)*
 
65

 

 
(6
)
 
59

Balance at September 30, 2013
 
$
158

 
$
(37
)
 
$
(1
)
 
$
120

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
* During the nine months ended September 30, 2013, $3 million of deferred costs related to the Company's Defined Benefit Pension Plan were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to general and administrative expenses. In addition, $5 million of net gains on available-for-sale investment securities were recognized in investment income during the nine months ended September 30, 2013. Tax amounts related to these items are insignificant.

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Note 9. Share-Based Payments
During the nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company granted the following awards under the MasterCard Incorporated 2006 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (“LTIP”). The LTIP is a shareholder-approved omnibus plan that permits the grant of various types of equity awards to employees.
 
Granted in 2013
 
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Non-qualified stock options
183
 
$123
Restricted stock units
153
 
$516
Performance stock units
18
 
$560
Stock options vest in four equal annual installments beginning one year after the date of grant, and have a term of ten years. The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of stock options. Beginning in 2013, the Company calculated the expected term and the expected volatility based on historical MasterCard information. As a result, the expected term of stock options granted in the first quarter 2013 was five years, while the expected volatility was determined to be 27.1%.
Vesting of the shares underlying the restricted stock units and performance stock units will generally occur three years after the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the Company's Class A common stock price, adjusted for the exclusion of dividend equivalents. The Monte Carlo simulation valuation model was used to determine the grant date fair value of performance stock units granted in the first quarter of 2013.
Compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures over the shorter of the vesting period or the date the individual becomes eligible to retire under the LTIP. The Company uses the straight-line method of attribution over the requisite service period for expensing equity awards.
Note 10. Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates were 29.9% and 27.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The effective income tax rates were 30.5% and 29.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2013, the Company experienced a more favorable mix of earnings and recorded discrete benefits related to expiring statutes. However, the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2012 was lower, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2013, due primarily to the recognition in 2012 of both a larger benefit from the domestic production activity deduction in the U.S. related to our authorization software and a discrete benefit relating to additional export incentives. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company also experienced a more favorable mix of earnings. However, the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 was lower, due primarily to the recognition of a discrete benefit relating to additional export incentives in 2012.
The Company conducts operations in multiple countries and, as a result, is subjected to tax examinations in various jurisdictions, including the United States.  Uncertain tax positions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are adjusted after considering facts and circumstances, including progress of tax audits, developments in case law and closing of statute of limitations.  The Company has effectively settled its U.S. federal income tax obligations through 2008. With limited exception, the Company is no longer subject to state and local or non-U.S. audits by taxing authorities for years through 2002.  It is possible that the amount of unrecognized benefit with respect to the Company's uncertain tax positions may change within the next twelve months. An estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made until the issues are further developed, the examinations close, or the statutes expire.
Note 11. Legal and Regulatory Proceedings
MasterCard is a party to legal and regulatory proceedings with respect to a variety of matters in the ordinary course of business.  Some of these proceedings are based on complex claims involving substantial uncertainties and unascertainable damages.  Accordingly, except as discussed below, it is not possible to determine the probability of loss or estimate damages.  Further, except as discussed below, MasterCard has not established reserves for any of these proceedings.  Except as identified below, MasterCard does not believe that the outcome of any existing legal or regulatory proceedings to which it is a party will have a material adverse

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effect on its results of operations, financial condition or overall business.  However, with respect to the matters discussed below, an adverse judgment or other outcome or settlement with respect to any such proceedings could result in fines or payments by MasterCard and/or could require MasterCard to change its business practices. In addition, an adverse outcome in a regulatory proceeding could lead to the filing of civil damage claims and possibly result in damage awards in amounts that could be significant. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on MasterCard's results of operations, financial condition and overall business.
Department of Justice Antitrust Litigation and Related Private Litigations
In October 1998, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) filed suit against MasterCard International, Visa U.S.A., Inc. and Visa International Corp. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging that both MasterCard's and Visa's governance structure and policies violated U.S. federal antitrust laws. The DOJ challenged (1) “dual governance”, where a financial institution has a representative on the Board of Directors of MasterCard or Visa while a portion of its card portfolio is issued under the brand of the other association, and (2) both MasterCard's Competitive Programs Policy (“CPP”) and a Visa bylaw provision that prohibited financial institutions participating in the respective associations from issuing competing proprietary payment cards (such as American Express or Discover). In October 2001, the judge issued an opinion upholding the legality and pro-competitive nature of dual governance. However, the judge also held that MasterCard's CPP and the Visa bylaw constituted unlawful restraints of trade under the federal antitrust laws. The judge subsequently issued a final judgment that ordered MasterCard to repeal the CPP and enjoined MasterCard from enacting or enforcing any bylaw, rule, policy or practice that prohibits its issuers from issuing general purpose credit or debit cards in the United States on any other general purpose card network.
In April 2005, a complaint was filed in California state court on behalf of a putative class of consumers under California unfair competition law (Section 17200) and the Cartwright Act (the “Attridge action”). The claims in this action seek to piggyback on the portion of the DOJ antitrust litigation discussed above with regard to the District Court's findings concerning MasterCard's CPP and Visa's related bylaw. The Court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' Cartwright Act claims but denied the defendants' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' Section 17200 unfair competition claims. The parties have proceeded with discovery. In September 2009, MasterCard executed a settlement agreement that is subject to court approval in the separate California consumer litigations (see “U.S. Merchant and Consumer Litigations”). The agreement includes a release that the parties believe encompasses the claims asserted in the Attridge action. In August 2010, the Court in the California consumer actions granted final approval to the settlement. The plaintiff from the Attridge action and three other objectors filed appeals of the settlement approval. In January 2012, the Appellate Court reversed the trial court's settlement approval and remanded the matter to the trial court for further proceedings. In August 2012, the parties in the California consumer actions filed a motion seeking approval of a revised settlement agreement. The trial court granted final approval of the settlement in April 2013, to which the objectors have appealed.
U.S. Merchant and Consumer Litigations
Commencing in October 1996, several class action suits were brought by a number of U.S. merchants against MasterCard International and Visa U.S.A., Inc. challenging certain aspects of the payment card industry under U.S. federal antitrust law. The plaintiffs claimed that MasterCard's “Honor All Cards” rule (and a similar Visa rule), which required merchants who accept MasterCard cards to accept for payment every validly presented MasterCard card, constituted an illegal tying arrangement in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act. In June 2003, MasterCard International signed a settlement agreement to settle the claims brought by the plaintiffs in this matter, which the Court approved in December 2003. Pursuant to the settlement, MasterCard agreed, among other things, to create two separate “Honor All Cards” rules in the United States - one for debit cards and one for credit cards.
In addition, individual or multiple complaints have been brought in 19 states and the District of Columbia alleging state unfair competition, consumer protection and common law claims against MasterCard International (and Visa) on behalf of putative classes of consumers. The claims in these actions largely mirror the allegations made in the U.S. merchant lawsuit and assert that merchants, faced with excessive interchange fees, have passed these overhead charges to consumers in the form of higher prices on goods and services sold. MasterCard has successfully resolved the cases in all of the jurisdictions except California, where there continues to be outstanding cases. As discussed above under “Department of Justice Antitrust Litigation and Related Private Litigations,” in September 2009, the parties to the California state court actions executed a settlement agreement which required a payment by MasterCard of $6 million, subject to approval by the California state court. In August 2010, the court granted final approval of the settlement, subsequent to which MasterCard made the payment required by the settlement agreement. The plaintiff from the Attridge action described above under “Department of Justice Antitrust Litigation and Related Private Litigations” and three other objectors filed appeals of the settlement approval order. In January 2012, the Appellate Court reversed the trial court's settlement approval and remanded the matter to the trial court for further proceedings. As noted above, in August 2012, the parties

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


in the California consumer actions filed a motion seeking approval of a revised settlement agreement. The trial court granted final approval of the settlement in April 2013, to which the objectors have appealed.
ATM Non-Discrimination Rule Surcharge Complaints
In October 2011, a trade association of independent Automated Teller Machine (“ATM”) operators and 13 independent ATM operators filed a complaint styled as a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against both MasterCard and Visa (the “ATM Operators Complaint”).  Plaintiffs seek to represent a class of non-bank operators of ATM terminals that operate ATM terminals in the United States with the discretion to determine the price of the ATM access fee for the terminals they operate. Plaintiffs allege that MasterCard and Visa have violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act by imposing rules that require ATM operators to charge non-discriminatory ATM surcharges for transactions processed over MasterCard's and Visa's respective networks that are not greater than the surcharge charged for transactions over other networks accepted at the same ATM.  Plaintiffs seek both injunctive and monetary relief equal to treble the damages they claim to have sustained as a result of the alleged violations and their costs of suit, including attorneys' fees.  Plaintiffs have not quantified their damages although they allege that they expect damages to be in the tens of millions of dollars. 
Subsequently, multiple related complaints were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia alleging both federal antitrust and multiple state unfair competition, consumer protection and common law claims against MasterCard and Visa on behalf of putative classes of users of ATM services (the “ATM Consumer Complaints”).  The claims in these actions largely mirror the allegations made in the ATM Operators Complaint described above, although these complaints seek damages on behalf of consumers of ATM services who pay allegedly inflated ATM fees at both bank and non-bank ATM operators as a result of the defendants' ATM rules.  Plaintiffs seek both injunctive and monetary relief equal to treble the damages they claim to have sustained as a result of the alleged violations and their costs of suit, including attorneys' fees.  Plaintiffs have not quantified their damages although they allege that they expect damages to be in the tens of millions of dollars. 
In January 2012, the plaintiffs in the ATM Operators Complaint and the ATM Consumer Complaints filed amended class action complaints that largely mirror their prior complaints. MasterCard moved to dismiss the complaints for failure to state a claim. In February 2013, the district court granted MasterCard's motion to dismiss the complaints and the plaintiffs have since filed a motion seeking approval to amend their complaints.
Interchange Litigation and Regulatory Proceedings
Interchange fees represent a sharing of payment system costs among the financial institutions participating in a four-party payment card system such as MasterCard's. Typically, interchange fees are paid by the acquirer to the issuer in connection with purchase transactions initiated with the payment system's cards. These fees reimburse the issuer for a portion of the costs incurred by it in providing services which are of benefit to all participants in the system, including acquirers and merchants. MasterCard or its customer financial institutions establish default interchange fees in certain circumstances that apply when there is no other interchange fee arrangement between the issuer and the acquirer. MasterCard establishes a variety of interchange rates depending on such considerations as the location and the type of transaction, and collects the interchange fee on behalf of the institutions entitled to receive it and remits the interchange fee to eligible institutions. MasterCard's interchange fees and other practices are subject to regulatory and/or legal review and/or challenges in a number of jurisdictions, including the proceedings described below. At this time, it is not possible to determine the ultimate resolution of, or estimate the liability related to, any of these interchange proceedings (except as otherwise indicated below), as the proceedings involve complex claims and/or substantial uncertainties and, in some cases, could include unascertainable damages or fines. Except as described below, no provision for losses has been provided in connection with them. Some of the proceedings described below could have a significant impact on our customers in the applicable country and on MasterCard's level of business in those countries. The proceedings reflect the significant and intense legal, regulatory and legislative scrutiny worldwide that interchange fees and acceptance practices have been receiving. When taken as a whole, the resulting decisions, regulations and legislation with respect to interchange fees and acceptance practices may have a material adverse effect on the Company's prospects for future growth and its overall results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
United States. In June 2005, the first of a series of complaints were filed on behalf of merchants (the majority of the complaints are styled as class actions, although a few complaints are filed on behalf of individual merchant plaintiffs) against MasterCard International Incorporated, Visa U.S.A., Inc., Visa International Service Association and a number of customer financial institutions. Taken together, the claims in the complaints are generally brought under both Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, which prohibit monopolization and attempts or conspiracies to monopolize a particular industry, and some of these complaints contain unfair competition law claims under state law. The complaints allege, among other things, that MasterCard, Visa, and certain of their customer financial institutions conspired to set the price of interchange fees, enacted point of sale acceptance rules (including the

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no surcharge rule) in violation of antitrust laws and engaged in unlawful tying and bundling of certain products and services. The cases have been consolidated for pre-trial proceedings in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York in MDL No. 1720. The plaintiffs have filed a consolidated class action complaint that seeks treble damages, as well as attorneys' fees and injunctive relief.
In July 2006, the group of purported merchant class plaintiffs filed a supplemental complaint alleging that MasterCard's initial public offering of its Class A Common Stock in May 2006 (the “IPO”) and certain purported agreements entered into between MasterCard and its customer financial institutions in connection with the IPO: (1) violate U.S. antitrust laws and (2) constitute a fraudulent conveyance because the customer financial institutions are allegedly attempting to release, without adequate consideration, MasterCard's right to assess them for MasterCard's litigation liabilities. In November 2008, the district court granted MasterCard's motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' supplemental complaint in its entirety with leave to file an amended complaint. The class plaintiffs repled their complaint. The causes of action and claims for relief in the complaint generally mirror those in the plaintiffs' original IPO-related complaint although the plaintiffs have attempted to expand their factual allegations based upon discovery that has been garnered in the case. The class plaintiffs seek treble damages and injunctive relief including, but not limited to, an order reversing and unwinding the IPO. In July 2009, the class plaintiffs and individual plaintiffs served confidential expert reports detailing the plaintiffs' theories of liability and alleging damages in the tens of billions of dollars. The defendants served their expert reports in December 2009 rebutting the plaintiffs' assertions both with respect to liability and damages.
In February 2011, MasterCard and MasterCard International Incorporated entered into each of: (1) an omnibus judgment sharing and settlement sharing agreement with Visa Inc., Visa U.S.A. Inc. and Visa International Service Association and a number of customer financial institutions; and (2) a MasterCard settlement and judgment sharing agreement with a number of customer financial institutions.  The agreements provide for the apportionment of certain costs and liabilities which MasterCard, the Visa parties and the customer financial institutions may incur, jointly and/or severally, in the event of an adverse judgment or settlement of one or all of the cases in the merchant litigations.  Among a number of scenarios addressed by the agreements, in the event of a global settlement involving the Visa parties, the customer financial institutions and MasterCard, MasterCard would pay 12% of the monetary portion of the settlement. In the event of a settlement involving only MasterCard and the customer financial institutions with respect to their issuance of MasterCard cards, MasterCard would pay 36% of the monetary portion of such settlement. 
In October 2012, the parties entered into a definitive settlement agreement with respect to the merchant class litigation and separately also entered into a settlement agreement with the individual merchant plaintiffs (the terms of which were consistent with a memorandum of understanding that was executed by the parties in July 2012). The settlements included cash payments that were apportioned among the defendants pursuant to the omnibus judgment sharing and settlement sharing agreement described above. MasterCard also agreed to provide class members with a short-term reduction in default credit interchange rates and to modify certain of its business practices, including its No Surcharge Rule. The merchant class litigation settlement agreement is subject to court approval. The court granted preliminary approval of the settlement in November 2012 and held a final approval hearing in September 2013. Rule practice changes required by the settlement were implemented in late January 2013.
Pursuant to the terms of the class settlement agreement described above, the final day for merchants to have opted out of the settlement was May 28, 2013. Based upon a report filed by the class administrator with the court, approximately 8,000 merchants opted out from the settlement class, representing slightly more than 25% of the MasterCard and Visa purchase volume over the relevant period as calculated by MasterCard and Visa. The defendants had the right to terminate the settlement agreement because this volume threshold was reached, but elected not to do so. MasterCard anticipates that most of the larger merchants who opted out of the settlement will initiate separate actions seeking to recover damages, and approximately 20 opt-out complaints have been filed on behalf of numerous merchants in various jurisdictions. Those cases are in the early stages and the defendants are seeking to consolidate the matters in front of the same court that is overseeing the approval of the settlement. In addition, certain competitors have raised objections to the settlement, including Discover. Discover's objections include a challenge to the settlement on the grounds that certain of the rule changes agreed to in the settlement constitute a restraint of trade in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act.
MasterCard recorded a pre-tax charge of $770 million in the fourth quarter of 2011 and an additional $20 million pre-tax charge in the second quarter of 2012 relating to the settlement agreements described above. In 2012, MasterCard paid $790 million with respect to the settlements, of which $726 million was paid into a qualified cash settlement fund related to the merchant class litigation. The class settlement agreement provides for a return to the defendants of up to 25% of the total class cash settlement fund, based upon the percentage of class purchase volume represented by the opt out merchants (the "takedown payment"). As a result, if the settlement receives final court approval, MasterCard anticipates that it would receive back approximately $165 million from the cash settlement fund. The cash received would result in a reclassification from "restricted cash for litigation settlement" to "cash and cash equivalents". As of September 30, 2013, MasterCard recognized its estimated reserve for the merchant class

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


litigation in "accrued litigation", including the portion of the reserve related to merchants who opted out of the settlement. MasterCard will continue to assess this reserve and adjust as appropriate.
In the event that the merchant class litigation settlement agreement is not approved by the court, or if the class settlement agreement is otherwise terminated by the defendants pursuant to the conditions in the settlement agreement and the litigations are not settled, a negative outcome in the litigation could have a material adverse effect on MasterCard's results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Canada. In December 2010, the Canadian Competition Bureau (the “CCB”) filed an application with the Canadian Competition Tribunal to strike down certain MasterCard rules related to point-of-sale acceptance, including the “honor all cards” and “no surcharge” rules. On July 23, 2013, the Competition Tribunal issued a decision in MasterCard's favor and dismissed the CCB's application, which was not appealed. In December 2010, a complaint styled as a class action lawsuit was commenced against MasterCard in Quebec on behalf of Canadian merchants. That suit essentially repeated the allegations and arguments of the CCB application to the Canadian Competition Tribunal and sought compensatory and punitive damages in unspecified amounts, as well as injunctive relief. In March 2011, a second purported class action lawsuit was commenced in British Columbia against MasterCard, Visa and a number of large Canadian financial institutions, and in May 2011 a third purported class action lawsuit was commenced in Ontario against the same defendants. These suits allege that MasterCard, Visa and the financial institutions have engaged in a conspiracy to increase or maintain the fees paid by merchants on credit card transactions and establish rules which force merchants to accept all MasterCard and Visa credit cards and prevent merchants from charging more for payments with MasterCard and Visa premium cards. The British Columbia suit seeks compensatory damages in unspecified amounts, and the Ontario suit seeks compensatory damages of $5 billion. The British Columbia and Ontario suits also seek punitive damages in unspecified amounts, as well as injunctive relief, interest and legal costs. In April 2012, the Quebec suit was amended to include the same defendants and similar claims as in the British Columbia and Ontario suits. With respect to the status of the proceedings: (1) the Quebec suit has been stayed, (2) the Ontario suit is being temporarily suspended while the British Columbia suit proceeds, and (3) the British Columbia court held a class certification hearing in April 2013. Additional complaints styled as class actions have been filed in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The claims in these complaints largely mirror the claims in the British Columbia and Ontario suits. If the class action lawsuits are ultimately successful, negative decisions could have a significant adverse impact on the revenue of MasterCard's Canadian customers and on MasterCard's overall business in Canada and could result in substantial damage awards.
European Union. In September 2003, the European Commission issued a Statement of Objections challenging MasterCard Europe's cross-border default interchange fees and, in June 2006, it issued a supplemental Statement of Objections covering credit, debit and commercial card fees. In December 2007, the European Commission announced a decision that applies to MasterCard's default cross-border interchange fees for MasterCard and Maestro branded consumer payment card transactions in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) (the European Commission refers to these as “MasterCard's MIF”), but not to commercial card transactions (the European Commission stated publicly that it has not yet finished its investigation of commercial card interchange fees). The decision required MasterCard to stop applying the MasterCard MIF, to refrain from repeating the conduct, and not apply its then recently adopted (but never implemented) Maestro SEPA and Intra-Eurozone default interchange fees to debit card payment transactions within the Eurozone. The decision did not impose a fine on MasterCard, but provides for a daily penalty of up to 3.5% of MasterCard's daily consolidated global turnover in the preceding business year (which MasterCard estimates to be approximately $0.8 million per day) in the event that MasterCard fails to comply. To date, MasterCard has not been assessed any such penalty. In March 2008, MasterCard filed an application for annulment of the European Commission's decision with the General Court of the European Union.
Following discussions with the European Commission, MasterCard announced that, effective June 21, 2008, MasterCard would temporarily repeal its then current default intra-EEA cross-border consumer card interchange fees in conformity with the decision. In October 2008, MasterCard received an information request from the European Commission in connection with the decision concerning certain pricing changes that MasterCard implemented as of October 1, 2008. In March 2009, MasterCard gave certain undertakings to the European Commission and, in response, in April 2009, the Commissioner for competition policy and DG Competition informed MasterCard that, subject to MasterCard's fulfilling its undertakings, they do not intend to pursue proceedings for non-compliance with or circumvention of the December 2007 decision or for infringing the antitrust laws in relation to the October 2008 pricing changes, the introduction of new cross-border consumer default interchange fees or any of the other MasterCard undertakings. MasterCard's undertakings include: (1) repealing the October 2008 pricing changes; (2) adopting a specific methodology for the setting of cross-border consumer default interchange fees; (3) establishing new default cross-border consumer card interchange fees as of July 1, 2009 such that the weighted average interchange fee for credit card transactions does not exceed 30 basis points and for debit card transactions does not exceed 20 basis points; (4) introducing a new rule prohibiting its acquirers from requiring merchants to process all of their MasterCard and Maestro transactions with the acquirer;

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


and (5) introducing a new rule requiring its acquirers to provide merchants with certain pricing information in connection with MasterCard and Maestro transactions. The undertakings were effective until the General Court of the European Union issued a judgment in May 2012.
In May 2012, the General Court of the European Union issued a judgment dismissing the Company's appeal and upholding the European Commission's decision. The Company appealed the judgment to the European Union Court of Justice in August 2012, which heard oral argument on MasterCard's application for annulment in July 2013. The Advocate General to the Court of Justice stated that he would issue his advisory opinion in November 2013, and MasterCard anticipates that the Court of Justice would issue its opinion sometime in 2014. Subject to ongoing discussion with the European Commission, MasterCard intends to continue to comply with the terms of the interim agreement with the European Commission, even though that agreement, by its terms, formally ended on the day of the judgment.
Although MasterCard believes that any other business practices it would implement in response to the decision would be in compliance with the December 2007 decision, the European Commission may deem any such practice not in compliance with the decision, or in violation of European competition law, in which case MasterCard may be assessed fines for the period that it is not in compliance. Furthermore, because a balancing mechanism like default cross-border interchange fees constitutes an essential element of MasterCard Europe's operations, the December 2007 decision could also significantly impact MasterCard International's European customers' and MasterCard Europe's business. The European Commission decision could also lead to additional competition authorities in European Union member states commencing investigations or proceedings regarding domestic interchange fees or initiating regulation. The possibility of such actions has increased due to the judgment of the General Court. The judgment also increases the possibility of an adverse outcome for the Company in related and pending matters (such as the interchange proceedings in Hungary, Italy and Poland, as further described below). In addition, the European Commission's decision could lead, and in the case of the United Kingdom and Belgium has led, to the filing of private actions against MasterCard Europe by merchants and/or consumers which, if MasterCard is unsuccessful in its appeal of the General Court decision, could result in MasterCard owing substantial damages.
In April 2013, the European Commission announced that it has opened proceedings to investigate: (1) MasterCard's interregional interchange fees that apply when a card issued outside the EEA is used at a merchant location in the EEA, (2) central acquiring rules, which apply when a merchant uses the services of an acquirer established in another country and (3) other business rules and practices (including the "honor all cards" rule).
Additional Litigations in Europe. In the United Kingdom, since May 2012, a number of retailers have filed claims against MasterCard for unspecified damages with respect to MasterCard's cross-border and U.K. and Ireland domestic interchange fees. In June 2013, the court denied MasterCard's request to stay the proceedings pending the result of MasterCard's appeal of the European Union General Court's judgment discussed above, but the court indicated it would not issue a final decision until the Court of Justice issues its decision. In Belgium, a retailer filed claims in December 2012 for unspecified damages with respect to MasterCard's cross-border and domestic interchange fees paid in Belgium, Greece and Luxembourg.
Additional Interchange Proceedings. Regulatory authorities in a number of other jurisdictions around the world have commenced competition-related proceedings or inquiries into interchange fees and acceptance practices. These matters include:
France. In 2009, the French Competition Authority (the “FCA”) sent an information request to MasterCard as part of an investigation concerning its domestic interchange rates. The investigation was initially suspended until the judgment of the General Court of the European Union with respect to MasterCard's appeal of the December 2007 cross-border interchange fee decision of the European Commission. In January 2013, the investigation was re-opened and the FCA informed MasterCard that it intends to commence a formal proceeding and issue a statement of objections unless MasterCard offers commitments to reduce its interchange fees. Subsequently, MasterCard made a commitments offer to the FCA, which was accepted by the FCA and announced in September 2013.
Hungary. In December 2009, the Hungarian Competition Authority (the “HCA”) issued a formal decision that MasterCard's (and Visa's) historic domestic interchange fees violated Hungarian competition law and fined each of MasterCard Europe and Visa Europe approximately $3 million, which was paid during the fourth quarter of 2009. MasterCard appealed the decision to the Hungarian courts, which has stayed the proceeding until the completion of MasterCard's appeal to the European Union Court of Justice. If the HCA's decision is not reversed on appeal, it could have a significant adverse impact on the revenue of MasterCard's Hungarian customers and on MasterCard's overall business in Hungary. In June 2012, the HCA commenced a separate investigation of MasterCard's alleged abuse of dominant position in what it refers to as the domestic bankcard market during the period beginning in December 2010.

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


Italy. In November 2010, the Italian Competition Authority (the “ICA”) adopted a decision in which it determined that MasterCard Europe's domestic interchange fees violate European Union competition law, fined MasterCard 2.7 million euro (approximately $4 million) and ordered MasterCard to refrain in the future from maintaining interchange fees that are not based on economic justifications linked to efficiency criteria and to eliminate any anticompetitive clauses from its licensing agreements. MasterCard appealed the ICA's infringement decision to the Administrative Court, and the decision was annulled by the Administrative Court in July 2011. The ICA has appealed the Administrative Court's judgment to the Council of State. If the ICA's infringement decision ultimately stands, it could have a significant adverse impact on the revenue of MasterCard's Italian customers and on MasterCard's overall business in Italy.
Poland. In January 2007, the Polish Office for Protection of Competition and Consumers (the “PCA”) issued a decision that MasterCard's (and Visa Europe's) domestic credit and debit default interchange fees are unlawful under Polish competition law, and imposed fines on MasterCard's (and Visa Europe's) licensed financial institutions, the entities responsible for setting the fees. As part of this decision, the PCA decided that MasterCard (and Visa Europe) had not violated the law because they were not responsible for setting the fees. The decision is currently being appealed. If on appeal the PCA's decision is ultimately allowed to stand, it could have a significant adverse impact on the revenue of MasterCard's Polish customers and on MasterCard's overall business in Poland.
United Kingdom. In February 2007, the Office for Fair Trading of the United Kingdom (the “OFT”) commenced an investigation of MasterCard's current U.K. default credit card interchange fees and so-called “immediate debit” cards to determine whether such fees contravene U.K. and European Union competition law. The OFT had informed MasterCard that it did not intend to issue a Statement of Objections or otherwise commence formal proceedings with respect to the investigation prior to the judgment of the General Court of the European Union with respect to MasterCard's appeal of the December 2007 cross-border interchange fee decision of the European Commission, and this period was extended until the completion of MasterCard's appeal to the Court of Justice. If the OFT ultimately determines that any of MasterCard's U.K. interchange fees contravene U.K. and European Union competition law, it may issue a new decision and possibly levy fines accruing from the date of its first decision. Such a decision could lead to the filing of private actions against MasterCard by merchants and/or consumers which could result in an award or awards of substantial damages and could have a significant adverse impact on the revenue of MasterCard International's U.K. customers and MasterCard's overall business in the U.K.
Regulatory authorities and/or central banks in certain other jurisdictions, including Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Singapore and South Africa, are reviewing MasterCard's and/or its customers' interchange fees and/or other practices and may seek to commence proceedings related to, or otherwise regulate, the establishment of such fees and/or such practices.
Other Regulatory Proceedings
In addition to challenges to interchange fees, MasterCard's other standards and operations are also subject to regulatory and/or legal review and/or challenges in a number of jurisdictions from time to time.  These proceedings tend to reflect the increasing global regulatory focus to which the payments industry is subject and, when taken as a whole with other regulatory and legislative action, such actions could result in the imposition of costly new compliance burdens on MasterCard and its customers and may lead to increased costs and decreased transaction volumes and revenue.
Note 12. Settlement and Other Risk Management
MasterCard's rules guarantee the settlement of many of the MasterCard, Cirrus and Maestro branded transactions between its issuers and acquirers ("settlement risk"). Settlement exposure is the outstanding settlement risk to customers under MasterCard's rules due to the difference in timing between the payment transaction date and subsequent settlement. While the term and amount of the guarantee are unlimited, the duration of settlement exposure is short term and typically limited to a few days. Settlement exposure is primarily estimated using the average daily card volume during the quarter multiplied by the estimated number of days to settle. The Company has global risk management policies and procedures, which include risk standards, to provide a framework for managing the Company's settlement risk. Customer-reported transaction data and the transaction clearing data underlying the settlement exposure calculation may be revised in subsequent reporting periods.
In the event that MasterCard effects a payment on behalf of a failed customer, MasterCard may seek an assignment of the underlying receivables of the failed customer. Subject to approval by the Board of Directors, customers may be charged for the amount of any settlement loss incurred during these ordinary course activities of the Company.

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


The Company's global risk management policies and procedures are aimed at managing the settlement exposure. These risk management procedures include interaction with the bank regulators of countries in which it operates, requiring customers to make adjustments to settlement processes, and requiring collateral from customers. MasterCard requires certain customers that are not in compliance with the Company's risk standards in effect at the time of review to post collateral, typically in the form of cash, letters of credit, or guarantees. This requirement is based on management's review of the individual risk circumstances for each customer that is out of compliance. In addition to these amounts, MasterCard holds collateral to cover variability and future growth in customer programs. The Company may also hold collateral to pay merchants in the event of merchant bank/acquirer failure. Although the Company is not contractually obligated under its rules to effect such payments to merchants, the Company may elect to do so to protect brand integrity. MasterCard monitors its credit risk portfolio on a regular basis and the adequacy of collateral on hand. Additionally, from time to time, the Company reviews its risk management methodology and standards. As such, the amounts of estimated settlement exposure are revised as necessary.
The Company's estimated settlement exposure from MasterCard, Cirrus and Maestro branded transactions was as follows:
 
September 30,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(in millions)
Gross settlement exposure
$
38,762

 
$
37,768

Collateral held for settlement exposure
(3,121
)
 
(3,775
)
Net uncollateralized settlement exposure
$
35,641

 
$
33,993

MasterCard-branded travelers cheques are no longer being issued. For previously issued travelers cheques, MasterCard guarantees the payment of MasterCard-branded travelers cheques in the event of issuer default. The term of the guarantee is unlimited, while the exposure is limited to the cheques issued but not yet cashed. The notional amount of cheques issued, but not yet cashed was $510 million and $539 million at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, of which $409 million and $434 million at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, is mitigated by collateral arrangements.
General economic and political conditions in countries in which MasterCard operates affect the Company's settlement risk. Many of the Company's financial institution customers have been directly and adversely impacted by political instability and uncertain economic conditions. These conditions present increased risk that the Company may have to perform under its settlement guarantee. This risk could increase if political, economic and financial market conditions deteriorate further. The Company's global risk management policies and procedures are revised and enhanced from time to time. Historically, the Company has experienced a low level of losses from customer financial institution failures.
MasterCard also provides guarantees to customers and certain other companies indemnifying them from losses stemming from failures of third parties to perform duties. In addition, the Company enters into business agreements in the ordinary course of business under which the Company agrees to indemnify third parties against damages, losses and expenses incurred in connection with legal and other proceedings arising from relationships or transactions with the Company. Certain indemnifications do not provide a stated maximum exposure. As the extent of the Company's obligations under these agreements depends entirely upon the occurrence of future events, the Company's potential future liability under these agreements is not determinable. Historically, payments made by the Company under these types of contractual arrangements have not been material.
Note 13. Foreign Exchange Risk Management
The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to manage risk associated with anticipated receipts and disbursements which are either transacted in a non-functional currency or valued based on a currency other than its functional currency. The Company also enters into foreign currency forward contracts to offset possible changes in value due to foreign exchange fluctuations of assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity holding the assets and liabilities. The objective of these activities is to reduce the Company’s exposure to gains and losses resulting from fluctuations of foreign currencies against its functional currencies. The notional value of commitments to sell foreign currency was $1.7 billion and $1.6 billion at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
The Company does not designate foreign currency derivatives as hedging instruments pursuant to the accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities. The Company records the change in the fair value of the outstanding derivatives at the end of the reporting period to its consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of operations.

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MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) – (Continued)


As of September 30, 2013, all forward contracts to purchase and sell foreign currency had been entered into with customers of MasterCard. MasterCard’s derivative contracts are summarized below: 
 
September 30, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
Notional
 
Estimated Fair
Value
 
Notional
 
Estimated Fair
Value
 
(in millions)
Commitments to purchase foreign currency
$
30

 
$
(1
)
 
$
76

 
$
(1
)
Commitments to sell foreign currency
1,732

 
32

 
1,571

 
(2
)
Balance Sheet Location:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts Receivable*
 
 
$
38

 
 
 
$
12

Other Current Liabilities*
 
 
(7
)
 
 
 
(15
)
* The fair values of derivative contracts are presented on a gross basis on the balance sheet and are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements, which contain various netting and setoff provisions.
The amount of gain (loss) recognized in income for the contracts to purchase and sell foreign currency are summarized below: 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in millions)
Foreign currency derivative contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
General and administrative
$
26

 
$
25

 
$
38

 
$
15

Net revenue
3

 

 
2

 
(3
)
Total
$
29

 
$
25

 
$
40

 
$
12

The fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts generally reflects the estimated amounts that the Company would receive (or pay), on a pre-tax basis, to terminate the contracts at the reporting date based on broker quotes for the same or similar instruments. The terms of the foreign currency forward contracts are generally less than 18 months. The Company had no deferred gains or losses related to foreign exchange in accumulated other comprehensive income as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 as there were no derivative contracts accounted for under hedge accounting.
The Company’s derivative financial instruments are subject to both market and counterparty credit risk. Market risk is the risk of loss due to the potential change in an instrument’s value caused by fluctuations in interest rates and other variables related to currency exchange rates. The effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign currency rates could result in a fair value loss of approximately $186 million on the Company's foreign currency derivative contracts outstanding at September 30, 2013 related to the hedging program. Counterparty credit risk is the risk of loss due to failure of the counterparty to perform its obligations in accordance with contractual terms. To mitigate counterparty credit risk, the Company enters into derivative contracts with selected financial institutions based upon their credit ratings and other factors. Generally, the Company does not obtain collateral related to derivatives because of the high credit ratings of the counterparties.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis supplements management's discussion and analysis of MasterCard Incorporated for the year ended December 31, 2012 as contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 14, 2013. It also should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes of MasterCard Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries, including MasterCard International Incorporated, included elsewhere in this Report. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2013 presentation. Percentage changes provided throughout "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" were calculated on amounts rounded to the nearest thousand.
Overview
MasterCard is a technology company in the global payments industry that connects consumers, financial institutions, merchants, governments and businesses worldwide, enabling them to use electronic forms of payment instead of cash and checks. We make payments more convenient, secure and efficient by creating solutions that meet the needs of all of our stakeholders, and thereby drive preference for electronic payments. We offer a wide range of payment solutions that enable the development and implementation of credit, debit, prepaid, commercial and related payment programs and solutions for consumers and merchants. Our customers encompass a vast array of entities, including financial institutions and other entities that act as “issuers” and “acquirers”, merchants, governments, telecommunications companies and other businesses. We manage a family of well-known, widely-accepted payment brands, including MasterCard, Maestro and Cirrus, which our customers use in their payment programs and solutions. We process payment transactions over the MasterCard Worldwide Network and provide support services to our customers and others. We establish and enforce a common set of standards for adherence by our customers for the efficient and secure use of our payments network.
We generate revenue from the fees that we charge our customers for providing transaction processing and other payment-related services and by assessing our customers based primarily on the dollar volume of activity on the cards and other devices that carry our brands. Changes in cardholder spending behavior, influenced by economic conditions, impact our ability to grow our revenue. Our revenue depends heavily upon the overall level of consumer, business and government spending. While cardholder and merchant relationships are generally managed by our customers, we work with merchants to help provide value to them and benefits to consumers. We do not issue cards, extend credit to cardholders, determine the interest rates (if applicable) or other fees charged to cardholders by issuers, or establish the "merchant discount" rate charged by acquirers in connection with the acceptance of cards that carry our brands.
Our ability to grow is based on three drivers:
personal consumption expenditure growth;
the trend within the global payments industry from paper-based forms of payment, such as cash and checks, toward electronic forms of payment (such as those made via payment cards and other devices); and
our share in electronic payments through innovative solutions and new technology.
We support our focus on these drivers by continuing to:
grow our core businesses globally, including credit, debit, prepaid and commercial programs and solutions, as well as the processing of payment transactions over the MasterCard Worldwide Network;
diversify our business by seeking new areas of growth in markets around the world, expanding points of acceptance globally, seeking to maintain unsurpassed acceptance, and deepening existing relationships or entering into new relationships with payments industry participants, such as merchants, governments and telecommunications companies; and
build new businesses through technology and continued strategic efforts and alliances focused on innovative payment methods like electronic commerce (e-Commerce) and mobile capabilities.
See “-Business Environment” for a discussion of considerations related to our long-term strategic objectives.
We recorded net income of $879 million, or $7.27 per diluted share, and $2.5 billion, or $20.46 per diluted share, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, respectively, versus net income of $772 million, or $6.17 per diluted share, and $2.2 billion, or $17.07 per diluted share, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, respectively.

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Our net revenue increased 16% and 13% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2012, primarily driven by increased growth in dollar volume of activity on cards carrying our brands and the number of transactions processed by the Company. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, both volume-based revenue (domestic assessments and cross-border volume fees) and transaction-based revenue (transaction processing fees) increased from the comparable periods in 2012 by 14% and 12%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, our processed transactions increased 16% and 13%, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2012. Our volumes increased 15% and 14% , respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, on a local currency basis, versus the comparable periods in 2012. Rebates and incentives as a percentage of gross revenue were 24% for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, versus 25% for each of the comparable periods in 2012.
Operating expenses increased 14% and 7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 versus the comparable periods in 2012, primarily due to higher general and administrative expenses. We generated net cash flows from operations of $2.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2013, compared to $2.1 billion for the comparable period in 2012.
The following table provides a summary of our operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012:

 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Percent Increase (Decrease)
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
Percent Increase (Decrease)
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
(in millions, except per share data and percentages)
Net revenue
$
2,218

 
$
1,918

 
16%
 
$
6,220

 
$
5,496

 
13%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating expenses
970

 
854

 
14%
 
2,637

 
2,458

 
7%
Operating income
1,248

 
1,064

 
17%
 
3,583

 
3,038

 
18%
Operating margin
56.3
%
 
55.5
%
 
**
 
57.6
%
 
55.3
%
 
**
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax expense
375

 
294

 
28%
 
1,096

 
885

 
24%
Effective income tax rate
29.9
%
 
27.6
%
 
**
 
30.5
%
 
29.1
%
 
**
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
879

 
$
772

 
14%
 
$
2,493

 
$
2,154

 
16%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share
$
7.27

 
$
6.17

 
18%
 
$
20.46

 
$
17.07

 
20%
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding
121

 
125

 
(3)%
 
122

 
126

 
(3)%
     
** Not Meaningful
Business Environment
We process transactions from more than 210 countries and territories and in more than 150 currencies. Net revenue generated in the United States was approximately 40% of total revenue for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012. No individual country, other than the United States, generated more than 10% of total revenue in any such period, but differences in market growth, economic health and foreign exchange fluctuations in certain countries can have an impact on the proportion of revenue generated outside the United States over time. While the global nature of our business helps protect our operating results from adverse economic conditions in a single or a few countries, the significant concentration of our revenue generated in the United States makes our business particularly susceptible to adverse economic conditions in the United States.
The competitive and evolving nature of the global payments industry provides both challenges to and opportunities for the continued growth of our business. Adverse economic events (including continued distress in the credit environment, continued equity market volatility and additional government intervention) have impacted the financial markets around the world. The economies of the United States and numerous countries around the world have been significantly impacted by this economic turmoil. Countries have experienced credit ratings actions by ratings agencies, including several in Europe as well as the United States. In addition, some existing customers have been placed in receivership or administration or have a significant amount of their stock owned by their governments. Many financial institutions are facing increased regulatory and governmental influence,

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including potential further changes in laws and regulations. Many of our financial institution customers, merchants that accept our brands and cardholders who use our brands have been directly and adversely impacted.
MasterCard’s financial results may be negatively impacted by actions taken by individual financial institutions or by governmental or regulatory bodies. In addition, further political instability or a decline in economic conditions in the countries in which the Company operates may accelerate the timing of or increase the impact of risks to our financial performance. As a result, our revenue may be negatively impacted, or the Company may be impacted in several ways. MasterCard continues to monitor political and economic conditions around the world to identify opportunities for the continued growth of our business and to evaluate the evolution of the global payments industry. Notwithstanding recent encouraging trends, the extent and pace of economic recovery in various regions remains uncertain and the overall business environment may present challenges for MasterCard to grow its business. For further discussion see, "Risk Factors - Business Risks" in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.
In addition, our business and our customers’ businesses are subject to regulation in many countries. Regulatory bodies may seek to impose rules and price controls on certain aspects of our business and the payments industry. For further discussion, see Note 11 (Legal and Regulatory Proceedings) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 and our risk factors in "Risk Factors - Legal and Regulatory Risks" in Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012; in Part II, Item 1A, (Risk Factors) of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013; and in Part II, Item 1A, (Risk Factors) of this Report. Further, information security risks for global payments and technology companies such as MasterCard have significantly increased in recent years. Although to date we have not experienced any material impacts relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will be immune to these risks and not suffer such losses in the future. See our risk factor in "Risk Factors - Business Risks" in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 related to a failure or breach of our security systems or infrastructure as a result of cyber-attacks.
Impact of Foreign Currency Rates
Our overall operating results can be impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, especially the strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar versus the euro and Brazilian real. The functional currency of MasterCard Europe, our principal European operating subsidiary, is the euro, and the functional currency of our Brazilian subsidiary is the Brazilian real. Accordingly, the strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar versus the euro and Brazilian real impacts the translation of our European and Brazilian subsidiaries’ operating results into the U.S. dollar. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, as compared to the same period in 2012, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the Brazilian real but weakened against the euro. The net foreign currency impact of changes in the U.S. dollar average exchange rates against the euro and Brazilian real increased net revenue by less than 1 percentage point for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013. Operating expenses were increased by less than 1 percentage point for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013.
In addition, changes in foreign currency exchange rates directly impact the calculation of gross dollar volume (“GDV”) and gross euro volume (“GEV”), which are used in the calculation of our domestic assessments, cross-border volume fees and volume-related rebates and incentives. In most non-European regions, GDV is calculated based on local currency spending volume converted to U.S. dollars using average exchange rates for the period. In Europe, GEV is calculated based on local currency spending volume converted to euros using average exchange rates for the period. As a result, our domestic assessments, cross-border volume fees and volume-related rebates and incentives are impacted by the strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar versus primarily non-European local currencies and the strengthening or weakening of the euro versus primarily European local currencies. The strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar is evident when GDV growth on a U.S. dollar-converted basis is compared to GDV growth on a local currency basis. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, as compared to the same periods in 2012, GDV on a U.S. dollar converted basis increased 14% and 13% while GDV grew on a local currency basis 15% and 14%, respectively. The Company attempts to limit the impact from these foreign currency exposures through its foreign exchange risk management activities, which are discussed further in Note 13 (Foreign Exchange Risk Management) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Report.
The Company generates revenue and has financial assets in countries at risk for currency devaluation. While these revenues and financial assets are not material to MasterCard on a consolidated basis, they could be negatively impacted if a devaluation of local currencies occurs relative to the U.S. dollar.

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Revenue
Revenue Description
MasterCard’s business model involves four participants in addition to us: cardholders, merchants, issuers (the cardholders’ financial institutions) and acquirers (the merchants’ financial institutions). Our gross revenue is typically generated from the fees that we charge our customers for providing transaction processing and other payment-related services and by assessing our customers based primarily on the dollar volume of activity on the cards and other devices that carry our brands. Our revenue is based upon transactional information accumulated by our systems or reported by our customers. Our primary revenue billing currencies are the U.S. dollar, euro and Brazilian real.
Our pricing is complex and is dependent on the nature of the volumes, types of transactions and other products and services we offer to our customers. The following are some of the factors that impact pricing:
Domestic or cross-border
Signature-based (credit and debit) or PIN-based (debit, including automated teller machine (“ATM”) cash withdrawals and retail purchases)
Tiered rates that fluctuate based on volume/transaction hurdles
Geographic region or country
Retail purchase or cash withdrawal
Processed or not processed by MasterCard
In general, a cross-border transaction generates higher revenue than a domestic transaction since cross-border fees are higher than domestic fees, and in most cases also include fees for currency conversion.
We review our pricing and implement pricing changes on an ongoing basis. In addition, standard pricing varies among our regions, and such standard pricing can be modified for our customers through customer-specific incentive and rebate agreements.
The Company classifies its net revenue into the following five categories:
1.
Domestic assessments: Domestic assessments are fees charged to issuers and acquirers based primarily on the volume of activity on cards and other devices that carry our brands where the merchant country and the issuer country are the same. A portion of these assessments is estimated based on aggregate transaction information collected from our systems and projected customer performance and is calculated by converting the aggregate volume of usage (purchases, cash disbursements, balance transfers and convenience checks) from local currency to the billing currency and then multiplying by the specific price. In addition, domestic assessments include items such as card assessments, which are fees charged on the number of cards issued or assessments for specific purposes, such as acceptance development or market development programs. Acceptance development fees are charged primarily to U.S. issuers based on components of volume, and support our focus on developing merchant relationships and promoting acceptance at the point of sale. Market development fees are charged primarily to issuers and acquirers based on components of volume, and support our focus on building brand awareness and card activation, increasing purchase volumes, cross-border card usage, and other general marketing purposes.
2.
Cross-border volume fees: Cross-border volume fees are charged to issuers and acquirers based on the volume of activity on cards that carry our brands where the merchant country and the issuer country are different. Cross-border volume fees are calculated by converting the aggregate volume of usage (purchases and cash disbursements) from local currency to the billing currency and then multiplying by the specific price. Cross-border volume fees also include fees charged to issuers for performing currency conversion services.
3.
Transaction processing fees: Transaction processing fees are charged for both domestic and cross-border transactions and are primarily based on the number of transactions. These fees are calculated by multiplying the number and type of transactions by the specific price for each service. Transaction processing fees include charges for the following:
Transaction Switching – Authorization, Clearing and Settlement.
Authorization refers to the process by which a transaction is routed to the issuer for approval and then a decision whether or not to approve the transaction is made by the issuer or, in certain circumstances such as when the issuer's systems are unavailable or cannot be contacted, by MasterCard or others on behalf of the issuer in accordance with either the issuer's instructions or

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applicable rules (also known as "stand-in"). Our standards, which may vary across regions, establish the circumstances under which merchants and acquirers must seek authorization of transactions. Fees for authorization are primarily paid by issuers.
Clearing refers to the exchange of financial transaction information between issuers and acquirers after a transaction has been successfully conducted at the point of interaction. MasterCard clears transactions among customers through our central and regional processing systems. Fees for clearing are primarily paid by issuers.
Settlement. Once transactions have been authorized and cleared, MasterCard helps to settle the transactions by facilitating the exchange of funds between parties. Once clearing is completed, a daily reconciliation is provided to each customer involved in settlement, detailing the net amounts by clearing cycle and a final settlement position. Fees for settlement are primarily paid by issuers.
Connectivity fees are charged to issuers and acquirers for network access, equipment and the transmission of authorization and settlement messages. These fees are based on the size of the data being transmitted through and the number of connections to the Company’s network.
4.
Other revenues: Other revenues for other payment-related services are primarily dependent on the nature of the products or services provided to our customers but are also impacted by other factors, such as contractual agreements. Examples of other revenues are fees associated with the following:
Cardholder services fees are for benefits provided with MasterCard-branded cards, such as insurance, telecommunications assistance for lost cards and locating ATMs.
Consulting and research fees are primarily generated by MasterCard Advisors, the Company’s professional advisory services group. The Company’s business agreements with certain customers and merchants may include consulting services.
Fraud products and services used to prevent or detect fraudulent transactions. This includes warning bulletin fees which are charged to issuers and acquirers for listing invalid or fraudulent accounts either electronically or in paper form and for distributing this listing to merchants.
Program management services provided to prepaid card issuers.  This primarily includes foreign exchange margin, commissions, load fees and ATM withdrawal fees paid by cardholders on the sale and encashment of prepaid cards.
The Company also charges for a variety of other payment-related services, including rules compliance, account and transaction enhancement services, holograms and publications.
5.
Rebates and incentives (contra-revenue): Rebates and incentives are provided to certain MasterCard customers and are recorded as contra-revenue in the same period that revenue is earned or performance occurs. Performance periods vary depending on the type of rebate or incentive, including commitments to the agreement term, hurdles for volumes, transactions or issuance of new cards, launch of new programs, or the execution of marketing programs. Rebates and incentives are calculated based on estimated performance, the timing of new and renewed agreements and the terms of the related business agreements.
Revenue Analysis
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, gross revenue increased $352 million and $876 million, or 14% and 12%, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2012. Gross revenue growth in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 was primarily driven by increased growth in dollar volume of activity on cards carrying our brands, increased transactions and pricing initiatives. Rebates and incentives in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 increased $51 million and $153 million, or 8%, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2012 due to the impact from new, renewed and expired agreements. Our net revenue increased 16% and 13% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2012.
Our revenue is primarily based on volumes and transactions, which are driven by the dollar volume of activity on cards and other devices carrying our brands and the number of transactions. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, our GDV increased 15% and 14% on a local currency basis and our processed transactions increased 16% and 13%, respectively.

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The following table provides a summary of the trend in volume and transaction growth:
 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
Growth (USD)
 
Growth (Local)
 
Growth (USD)
 
Growth (Local)
 
Growth (USD)
 
Growth (Local)
 
Growth (USD)
 
Growth (Local)
MasterCard-Branded GDV1
 
14
%
 
15
%
 
9
%
 
14
%
 
13
%
 
14
%
 
11
%
 
16
%
Asia Pacific/Middle East/Africa
 
16
%
 
22
%
 
18
%
 
21
%
 
18
%
 
22
%
 
21
%
 
23
%
Canada
 
4
%
 
9
%
 
4
%
 
6
%
 
4
%
 
7
%
 
5
%
 
8
%
Europe
 
19
%
 
17
%
 
5
%
 
15
%
 
16
%
 
15
%
 
7
%
 
16
%
Latin America
 
11
%
 
17
%
 
5
%
 
17
%
 
13
%
 
16
%
 
8
%
 
20
%
United States
 
9
%
 
9
%
 
7
%
 
7
%
 
6
%
 
6
%
 
10
%
 
10
%
Cross-border Volume Growth1
 
 
 
19
%
 
 
 
14
%
 
 
 
18
%
 
 
 
16
%
Processed Transactions Growth
 
 
 
16
%
 
 
 
24
%
 
 
 
13
%
 
 
 
27
%
1 Excludes volume generated by Maestro and Cirrus cards.
A significant portion of our revenue is concentrated among our five largest customers. The loss of any of these customers or their significant card programs could adversely impact our revenue. In addition, as part of our business strategy, MasterCard, among other efforts, enters into business agreements with customers. These agreements can be terminated in a variety of circumstances.
The significant components of our net revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Percent Increase (Decrease)
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
Percent Increase (Decrease)
 
2013
 
       2012 1
 
 
2013
 
       2012 1
 
 
(in millions, except percentages)
Domestic assessments
$
963

 
$
883

 
9%
 
$
2,804

 
$
2,578

 
9%
Cross-border volume fees
760

 
630

 
21%
 
2,044

 
1,727

 
18%
Transaction processing fees
865

 
763

 
13%
 
2,458

 
2,230

 
10%
Other revenues
336

 
294

 
14%
 
931

 
825

 
13%
Gross revenue
2,924

 
2,570

 
14%
 
8,237

 
7,360

 
12%
Rebates and incentives (contra-revenue)
(706
)
 
(652
)
 
8%
 
(2,017
)
 
(1,864
)
 
8%
Net revenue
$
2,218

 
$
1,918

 
16%
 
$
6,220

 
$
5,496

 
13%

1 Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2013 presentation. Net revenue is not impacted.

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The following table summarizes the primary drivers of net revenue growth in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 versus the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Volume
 
Pricing
 
Foreign Currency1
 
Other
 
Total
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012 2

Domestic assessments
15
%
 
11
%
 
1
 %
 
1
%
 
%
 
(4
)%
 
(7
)%
3 
(1
)%
 
9
%
 
7
%
Cross-border volume fees
13
%
 
10
%
 
10
 %
 
2
%
 
2
%
 
(4
)%
 
(4
)%
 
 %
 
21
%
 
8
%
Transaction processing fees
11
%
 
18
%
4 
 %
 
2
%
 
1
%
 
(5
)%
 
1
 %
 
(5
)%
4 
13
%
 
10
%
Other revenues
**

 
**

 
2
 %
 
5
%
 
1
%
 
(4
)%
 
11
 %
4 
10
 %
5 
14
%
 
11
%
Rebates and incentives
5
%
 
7
%
 
(1
)%
 
1
%
 
%
 
(5
)%
 
4
 %
6 
17
 %
6 
8
%
 
20
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net revenue
14
%
 
12
%
 
5
 %
 
2
%
 
1
%
 
(5
)%
 
(4
)%
 
(4
)%
 
16
%
 
5
%
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
Volume
 
Pricing
 
Foreign Currency1
 
Other
 
Total
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012 2

Domestic assessments
13
%
 
15
%
 
 %
 
2
%
 
 %
 
(4
)%
 
(4
)%
3 
(2
)%
 
9
%
 
11
%
Cross-border volume fees
14
%
 
11
%
 
7
 %
 
2
%
 
1
 %
 
(3
)%
 
(4
)%
 
1
 %
 
18
%
 
11
%
Transaction processing fees
11
%
 
23
%
4 
 %
 
3
%
 
 %
 
(3
)%
 
(1
)%
 
(6
)%
4 
10
%
 
17
%
Other revenues
**

 
**